![]() However, this century is particularly distinguished by its growing reliance on alternate methods of extracting surplus. But Marx’s own writings describe other forms of labor under capitalism, and Marxist theorists have long pushed to expand our understanding of exploitation beyond the classic waged relations of production.Ĭapitalists have always used more than the wage form alone to extract surplus product from workers. The labor theory of value has been widely seen as applying to the wage form of work and no other. The Marxist analysis of work under capitalism has long been associated with a preoccupation with wage labor: waged workers as wage-slaves, industrial workers as the revolutionary proletariat, and factory workers as the vanguard. She teaches at Goddard College and the Curtis Institute of Music. ![]() Eva Swidler is an environmental political economist and social historian. ![]()
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